July 18, 2023, 12:30 p.m. |

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ePrint Report: Two Shuffles Make a RAM: Improved Constant Overhead Zero Knowledge RAM

Yibin Yang, David Heath


We optimize Zero Knowledge (ZK) proofs of statements expressed as RAM programs over arithmetic values. Our arithmetic-circuit-based read/write memory uses only 4 input gates and 6 multiplication gates per memory access. This is an almost 3× total gate improvement over prior state of the art (Delpech de Saint Guilhem et al., SCN’22).


We implemented our memory in the context of ZK proofs based …

access eprint report input knowledge memory report zero knowledge

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