Two Attacks On Proof-of-Stake GHOST/Ethereum. (arXiv:2203.01315v1 [cs.CR])

We present two attacks targeting the Proof-of-Stake (PoS) Ethereum consensus
protocol. The first attack suggests a fundamental conceptual incompatibility
between PoS and the Greedy Heaviest-Observed Sub-Tree (GHOST) fork choice
paradigm employed by PoS Ethereum. In a nutshell, PoS allows an adversary with
a vanishing amount of stake to produce an unlimited number of equivocating
blocks. While most equivocating blocks will be orphaned, such orphaned `uncle
blocks' still influence fork choice under the GHOST paradigm, bestowing upon
the adversary devastating control …

attacks ethereum ghost