Can you See me? On the Visibility of NOPs against Android Malware Detectors. (arXiv:2312.17356v1 [cs.CR])

Android malware still represents the most significant threat to mobile
systems. While Machine Learning systems are increasingly used to identify these
threats, past studies have revealed that attackers can bypass these detection
mechanisms by making subtle changes to Android applications, such as adding
specific API calls. These modifications are often referred to as No OPerations
(NOP), which ideally should not alter the semantics of the program. However,
many NOPs can be spotted and eliminated by refining the app analysis process. …

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