An Empirical Study of Blockchain System Vulnerabilities: Modules, Types, and Patterns. (arXiv:2110.12162v2 [cs.CR] UPDATED)

Blockchain, as a distributed ledger technology, becomes increasingly popular,
especially for enabling valuable cryptocurrencies and smart contracts. However,
the blockchain software systems inevitably have many bugs. Although bugs in
smart contracts have been extensively investigated, security bugs of the
underlying blockchain systems are much less explored. In this paper, we conduct
an empirical study on blockchain's system vulnerabilities from four
representative blockchains, Bitcoin, Ethereum, Monero, and Stellar.
Specifically, we first design a systematic filtering process to effectively
identify 1,037 vulnerabilities …

bitcoin blockchain blockchains bugs cryptocurrencies distributed distributed ledger ethereum ledger modules monero patterns popular security smart smart contracts software study system systems technology types vulnerabilities