A Systematic Study of the Consistency of Two-Factor Authentication User Journeys on Top-Ranked Websites (Extended Version). (arXiv:2210.09373v1 [cs.CR])

Heuristics for user experience state that users will transfer their
expectations from one product to another. A lack of consistency between
products can increase users' cognitive friction, leading to frustration and
rejection. This paper presents the first systematic study of the external,
functional consistency of two-factor authentication user journeys on top-ranked
websites. We find that these websites implement only a minimal number of design
aspects consistently (e.g., naming and location of settings) but exhibit mixed
design patterns for setup and …

authentication factor study version websites