Towards post-quantum blockchain: A review on blockchain cryptography resistant to quantum computing attacks

Blockchain and other Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) have evolved significantly in the last years and their use has been suggested for numerous applications due to their ability to provide transparency, redundancy and accountability. In the case of blockchain, such characteristics are provided through public-key cryptography and hash functions. However, the fast progress of quantum computing has opened the possibility of performing attacks based on Grover's and Shor's algorithms in the near future. Such algorithms threaten both public-key cryptography and hash …

accountability applications attacks blockchain case computing cryptography cs.cr distributed distributed ledger hash key ledger post-quantum public public-key cryptography quant-ph quantum quantum computing redundancy review technologies transparency