Can permanently deleted pictures be recovered?

I exchange my phone through Flipkart in November 2023 and i did factory reset, i checked in phone setting that my phone is encrypted. So can someone who bought my phone as refurbished can retrieve those deleted pictures?

My previous phone was Realme C2.

Currently i know 2 recovery apps- Disk Digger photo recovery and Dr.Fone

apps can disk encrypted exchange factory flipkart november november 2023 phone photo pictures privacy recovery reset